Signaling pathways refer to a series of molecular events that occur within a cell, leading to a specific response. These pathways involve various proteins and enzymes interacting with each other in a highly regulated manner, ultimately resulting in changes within the cell such as gene expression or metabolic activity. Signaling pathways are essential for cells to communicate with one another and respond appropriately to external stimuli, including hormones, growth factors, and environmental cues. They play a crucial role in many biological processes, from development and differentiation to immune response and cellular repair. Understanding the intricacies of signaling pathways is critical for advancing our knowledge of various diseases and developing targeted therapies.